UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA 

COLLEGE   OF   AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL    EXPERIMENT   STATION 

BERKELEY,    CALIFORNIA 


THE  DIGESTIBILITY  OF 

CERTAIN  FRUIT  BY-PRODUCTS  AS 

DETERMINED  FOR  RUMINANTS 

PART  II.    DRIED  PINEAPPLE  PULP,  DRIED  LEMON 
PULP,  AND  DRIED  OLIVE  PULP 

S.  W.  MEAD  AND  H.  R.  GUILBERT 


BULLETIN  439 

November,  1927 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PRINTING  OFFICE 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 

1927 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2012  with  funding  from 

University  of  California,  Davis  Libraries 


http://www.archive.org/details/digestibilityofc439mead 


THE  DIGESTIBILITY  OF  CERTAIN  FRUIT  BY-PRODUCTS 
AS  DETERMINED  FOR  RUMINANTS 


PART  II.     DRIED  PINEAPPLE  PULP,  DRIED  LEMON  PULP 
AND  DRIED  OLIVE  PULP 

S.  W.  MEADi  and  H.  R.  GUILBERT2 


INTRODUCTION 

Requests  have  come  to  the  University  for  information  concerning 
the  digestibility  of  certain  fruit  by-products.  During  the  fall  of  1925 
experiments  were  conducted  on  dried  orange  pulp  and  raisin  pulp. 
The  results  of  these  experiments  were  reported  in  Bulletin  409  under 
the  title,  "The  Digestibility  of  Certain  Fruit  By-Products  as  Deter- 
mined for  Ruminants.  Part  I.  Dried  Orange  Pulp  and  Raisin 
Pulp."3  For  purposes  of  comparison  the  digestible  composition  of 
these  feeds  is  also  given  in  table  11  of  the  present  publication.  In 
continuation  of  the  study,  Part  II  is  a  report  of  experiments  con- 
ducted to  determine  the  digestible  composition  of  dried  pineapple 
pulp,  dried  lemon  pulp  and  dried  olive  pulp. 

The  methods  used  in  conducting  these  experiments  were  fully 
described  in  Part  I.  Wether  sheep  were  used  since  they  are  easily 
handled  and  better  adapted  to  this  type  of  investigation  than  other 
ruminants.  There  is  little  difference  in  the  coefficients  of  digestibility 
of  the  great  majority  of  feeds  as  determined  with  sheep  and  with 
cattle.4 

The  length  of  the  preliminary  feeding  period  was  10  days  and  the 
period  during  which  feces  were  collected,  and  analyzed,  was  15  days. 


1  Assistant  Animal  Husbandman  in  the  Experiment  Station. 

2  Junior  Animal  Husbandman  in  the  Experiment  Station. 

3  Mead,  S.  W.,  and  H.  R.  Guilbert.  The  digestibility  of  certain  fruit  by- 
products as  determined  for  ruminants.  Part  I,  Dried  orange  pulp  and  raisin 
pulp.     California  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  409:1-12.     1926. 

*  Armsby,  Henry  Prentiss.  The  nutrition  of  farm  animals,  p.  603-605.  The 
Macmillan  Company,  New  York.     1917. 


4  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

The  feeds  investigated  were  all  fed  in  combination  with  alfalfa 
hay.  A  quanta  sufficient  for  all  the  trials  was  set  aside  for  these 
experiments  and  a  digestion  trial  was  conducted  on  a  representative 
lot  of  this  hay. 

The  chemical  determinations  were  made  by  H.  W.  Allinger  of  the 
Division  of  Chemistry. 

In  working  out  the  method  used  in  these  and  previous  trials  for 
the  preservation  of  feces,  nitrogen  determinations  were  made  on 
samples  of  feces  at  the  time  of  collection  and  after  15  days  preserva- 
tion. As  there  were  no  appreciable  differences  in  these  determinations 
it  was  assumed  that  there  would  be  no  losses  in  the  other  nutrients. 
Later,  it  occurred  to  the  writers  that  there  was  a  possibility  of  a  loss 
in  some  of  the  other  constituents  and  especialty  in  ether  extract  and 
it  was  therefore  deemed  advisable  to  make  a  complete  analysis  of  a 
fresh  sample  of  feces  and  another  analysis  of  the  same  sample  after 
having  been  preserved  15  days.  The  sample  was  placed  in  a  quart 
glass  jar  which  had  previously  been  rinsed  with  a  10  per  cent  alcoholic 
solution  of  thymol.  To  this  was  added  5  grams  of  powdered  thymol 
and  the  whole  thoroughly  mixed.  A  portion  of  this  sample  was  imme- 
diately analyzed  and  the  remainder  carefully  sealed  in  the  jar  and 
placed  in  a  refrigerator,  the  temperature  of  which  was  maintained  at 
between  30-40  degrees  Fahrenheit.  Since  the  collection  period  in  the 
digestion  trials  lasted  15  days,  the  longest  possible  period  of  storage 
would  be  only  14  days,  as  the  samples  are  analyzed  immediately  after 
the  termination  of  the  collection  period.  Hence  the  check  sample 
was  again  analyzed  at  the  end  of  14  days.  That  there  was  no  signifi- 
cant change  in  the  composition  of  the  feces  is  shown  in  table  1.  The 
results  of  the  two  analyses  are  almost  identical.  The  slight  difference 
might  easily  be  expected  of  two  separate  samples  of  feces  taken  from 
the  same  source  at  the  same  time. 


TABLE   1 
Preservation  of  Feces 


Feces 

Moisture 

Crude 
protein 

Nitrogen-free 
extract 

Ether 
extract 

Crude 
fiber 

Total 
ash 

Fresh 

61.44 
61.70 

5.00 
4.99 

17.36 
17.26 

1.52 
1.43 

11.66 
11.60 

3.02 

Preserved  14  days 

3.02 

BUL.  439]  DIGESTIBILITY    OF    CERTAIN    FRUIT    BY-PRODUCTS 


RESULTS  OF  THE  DIGESTION  TRIAL  WITH   DRIED  PINEAPPLE  PULP 

Pineapple  pulp,  a  by-product  of  the  canneries,  consists  of  the  outer 
skin,  trimmings,  core  and  ends  of  the  pineapple,  from  which  the  juice 
has  been  extracted.  At  the  present  time  the  production  in  the 
Hawaiian  Islands  amounts  to  5000  tons  of  dried  pulp  annually,  about 
one-half  of  which  is  exported  to  California,  for  the  feeding  of  dairy 
cows  in  the  Los  Angeles  district.  As  several  pineapple  canneries  are 
not  yet  drying  pulp  the  amount  available  may  be  increased  somewhat 
but  the  supply  will  probably  never  be  large.  Pineapple  pulp  has  been 
used  for  sometime  with  satisfactory  results  as  a  feed  for  dairy  cattle 
and  swine  at  the  University  of  Hawaii,5  where  comparative  feeding 
trials  are  nowr  being  conducted  with  it.  However,  no  data  have  been 
available  concerning  its  digestibility. 

The  nutritive  value  of  any  feed  is  dependent  largely  upon  its 
digestible  composition.  Data  reported  in  table  11  show  that  the  dried 
pineapple  pulp  used  in  this  trial  contained  59.9  per  cent  total  digestible 
nutrients  as  compared  to  71.6  per  cent  in  dried  beet  pulp,  a  feed  of 
somewhat  similar  physical  characteristics.  It  is  interesting  to  note 
that  a  sample  of  the  particular  pulp  used  in  this  trial  was  analyzed 
five  months  previously  and  found  to  contain  11.36  per  cent  moisture. 
At  the  time  of  the  trial  the  moisture  content  was  16.40  per  cent.  A 
variation  as  great  or  even  greater  than  this  would  be  expected  of  any 
similar  feed  under  varying  climatic  conditions  such  as  are  common  to 
California.  The  average  dry  matter  content  for  dried  beet  pulp  as 
given  in  table  11  is  91.8.  Calculating  dried  pineapple  pulp  on  the 
same  dry  matter  basis  100  pounds  should  contain  approximately  66 
pounds  of  digestible  nutrients.  The  digestible  protein  content  of  pine- 
apple pulp  is,  however,  extremely  low,  because  of  the  small  amount  of 
total  crude  protein  and  its  low  coefficient  of  digestibility.  The  small 
amount  of  ether  extract  present  in  the  feed  may  explain  the  negative 
coefficient  of  digestibility  of  that  nutrient.0 

In  many  parts  of  California  dairy  cattle  are  fed  largely  on  alfalfa. 
Under  such  conditions  dried  pineapple  pulp  and  other  feeds  of  a 
carbonaceous  nature,  when  they  can  be  purchased  at  a  reasonable 
price,  may  be  used  with  advantage  in  balancing  the  ration. 


s  Henke,  L.  A.  Ninth  annual  report  of  the  agricultural  department  of  the 
University  of  Hawaii  for  the  fiscal  year  July  1,  1925,  to  June  30,  1926.  Univ. 
Hawaii  Quart.  Bui.  6:14-16.     1926. 

(i  Fraps,  G.  S.  Energy-production  coefficients  of  American  feeding  stuffs. 
Texas  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  329:6-13.     1925. 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


TABLE  2 
Total  Feed  Consumed  and  Total  Feces  Collected 


Sheep  number 

Alfalfa  hay 

Pineapple  pulp 

Feces 

Grams 

Grams 

Grams 

137 

4500 

6375 

6955 

135 

4500 

6375 

7339 

136 

4125 

6000 

6799 

138 

5100     • 

7500 

9141 

TABLE  3 

Chemical  Analyses  of  Feces  and  Feeds 


Sheep  number 

Dry 

matter 

Crude 
protein 

Nitrogen-free 
extract 

Ether 
extract 

Crude 
fiber 

Feces: 

137 

Per  cent 

38.65 
37.88 
36.72 
35.52 

85.38 
83.60 

Per  cent 

5.10 
4.94 
4.74 

4.77 

15.47 
3.81 

Per  cent 

16.56 
16.19 
15.69 
14.95 

35.72 
61.94 

Per  cent 

1.45 
1.43 
1.42 
1.36 

1.66 
0.71 

Per  cent 
12.37 

135 

136 

138 

Feeds: 

Alfalfa  hay 

Dried  pineapple  pulp. ... 

12.28 
11.85 
11.54 

24.14 

13.88 

TABLE  4 

Coefficients  of  Digestibility  of  Dried  Pineapple  Pulp  and  Alfalfa  Hay 


Sheep 
number 

Dry 

matter 

Crude 
protein 

Nitrogen-free 
extract 

Ether 
extract 

Crude 
fiber 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

137 

75.566 

23.011 

80.070 

0.583 

72.775 

135. 

73.842 

19.783 

79.148 

-8.475 

68.154 

136 

75.554 

26.273 

80.294 

-6.497 

71.438 

138 

73.266 

13.926 

79.482 

-14.593 

66.105 

Average 

74.557 

20.748 

79.748 

Negative 

69.618 

Alfalfa  hay 

63.928 

75.909 

77.304 

25.236 

42.977 

To  test  the  palatability  of  plain  dried  pineapple  pulp,  it  was  fed 
to  dairy  cows.  During  the  first  two  weeks  of  the  test  it  was  necessary 
to  add  1  pound  of  wheat  bran  to  every  3  pounds  of  the  pulp  in  order 
to  induce  cows  to  consume  any  considerable  amount  of  it.     At  the 


BUL.  439]  DIGESTIBILITY    OF    CERTAIN    FRUIT    BY-PRODUCTS  7 

end  of  this  period,  each  cow  consumed  6  pounds  daily  of  the  dry  pulp. 
In  the  digestion  trial  the  pulp  was  readily  eaten  by  sheep.  Dried 
pineapple  pulp  as  sold  on  the  market  contains  a  small  amount  of 
cane  molasses  which  greatly  increases  its  palatability. 

The  data  from  the   digestion  trial  with   pineapple   pulp   fed   in 
combination  with  alfalfa  hay  are  given  in  tables  2,  3  and  4. 


RESULTS    OF    THE    DIGESTION    TRIAL    WITH    DRIED    LEMON    PULP 

Lemon  pulp  is  a  by-product  in  the  manufacture  of  citric  acid  and 
pectin  and  consists  of  the  rind,  pulp  and  seeds  which  are  the  residue 
after  extraction.  Calculated  on  the  dried  basis,  between  3000  and 
6000  tons  are  produced  annually.  At  the  present  time  less  than  a 
fourth  of  this  amount  results  from  the  manufacture  of  pectin.  It 
seemed  advisable,  therefore,  to  determine  the  digestibility  of  the  citric 
acid  pulp  only.  Dried  lemon  pulp  compares  favorably  with  dried 
orange  pulp  in  total  digestible  nutrients  though  it  contains  3  per  cent 
less  digestible  protein.  In  both  digestible  protein  and  total  digestible 
nutrients  it  is  equal  to  dried  beet  pulp  as  shown  in  table  11. 

On  account  of  its  bitter  taste,  dried  lemon  pulp  is  not  relished  by 
livestock.  Both  dried  lemon  pulp  and  dried  orange  pulp  must  be 
mixed  with  more  palatable  feeds  to  induce  stock  to  consume  any 
appreciable  amount.  In  a  palatability  test  with  dried  lemon  pulp, 
dairy  cows  were  finally  induced  to  consume  2  pounds  per  day  when 
the  lemon  pulp  was  mixed  with  an  equal  weight  of  a  concentrate 
mixture  consisting  of  4  parts  barley,  2  parts  rice  bran  and  1  part 
cottonseed  meal,  plus  salt. 

The  data  from  the  digestion  trial  with  lemon  pulp  fed  in  combina- 
tion with  alfalfa  hay  are  given  in  tables  5,  6  and  7. 


TABLE  5 
Total  Feed  Consumed  and  Feces  Collected 


Sheep  number 

Alfalfa  hay- 

Dried  lemon  pulp 

Feces 

Grams 

Grams 

Grams 

717 

8775 

4500 

10174.5 

600 

10050 

5175 

12245.5 

736 

8775 

4500 

9259.0 

686 

7800 

3975 

8046  5 

UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


TABLE   6 

Chemical  Analyses  of  Feces  and  Feeds 


Sheep  number 

Dry 

matter 

Crude 
protein 

Nitrogen-free 
extract 

Ether 
extract 

Crude 
fiber 

Feces: 

717 

600 

736 

686 

Feed: 

Alfalfa  hay 

Per  cent 

34.23 
33.76 
37.95 
39.19 

87.28 
92.90 

Per  cent 
4.91 

4.85 
4.89 
5.31 

15.76 
6.39 

Per  cent 

9.70 

9.42 

10.66 

10.22 

37.26 
65.24 

Per  cent 

1.30 
1.34 
1.46 
1.70 

1.54 
1.23 

Per  cent 

14.04 
13.48 
15.65 
15.92 

23.43 

Dried  lemon  pulp 

15.00 

TABLE  7 
Coefficients  of  Digestibility  of  Dried  Lemon  Pulp  and  Alfalfa  Hay 


Sheep 
number 

Dry 

matter 

Crude 
protein 

Nitrogen-free 
extract 

Ether 
extract 

Crude 
fiber 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

717 

82.776 

42.132 

91.659 

43.568 

62.056 

600 

79.824 

35.789 

91.006 

23.999 

60.326 

736 

82.033 

58.407 

91.656 

38.305 

59.014 

686 

81.106 

48.377 

93.724 

3.904 

59.935 

Average 

81.484 

46.176 

92.011 

27.444 

60.332 

Alfalfa  hay 

63.928 

75.909 

77.304 

25.236 

42.977 

RESULTS  OF  THE   DIGESTION  TRIAL  WITH    DRIED  OLIVE   PULP 

Olive  pulp  is  a  by-product  in  the  manufacture  of  olive  oil.  It  con- 
sists of  the  whole  olive  minus  most  of  the  oil.  At  present  it  is  being 
utilized  largely  as  fuel  in  the  plants  manufacturing  olive  oil.  The 
estimated  production  is  2000  to  4500  tons  annually.  Requests  were 
made  for  information  concerning  its  possible  value  as  a  feed  for  live- 
stock. The  olive  pulp  was  supplied  by  P.  F.  Nichols  of  the  Division 
of  Viticulture  and  Fruit  Products.  It  had  been  dehydrated  and 
ground  to  a  fine  meal.  As  shown  in  table  10  the  pulp  used  was  found 
to  be  practically  valueless  as  a  feed  for  livestock,  only  19  per  cent  of 
the  dry  matter  being  digested.  Since  a  large  amount  of  the  digestible 
matter  was  oil  which  has  a  value  of  2.25  times  that  of  an  equal  weight 


BUL.  439]  DIGESTIBILITY   OF   CERTAIN   FRUIT    BY-PRODUCTS  9 

of  carbohydrates,  100  pounds  of  the  material  contain  36.6  pounds  of 
total  digestible  nutrients ;  thus  it  has,  as  shown  in  table  11,  a  feeding 
value  similar  to  that  of  wheat  straw.  Dried  olive  pulp  contains 
approximately  60  per  cent  pit,  the  shell  of  which  is  largely  crude  fiber 
of  an  indigestible  nature.  A  great  quantity  of  the  ground  pit  was 
found  in  an  apparently  unchanged  condition  in  the  feces.  As  shown 
in  table  9  the  dried  olive  pulp  had  36  per  cent  fiber  or  12  per  cent 
more  than  was  contained  in  the  alfalfa  hay  used  in  the  experiment. 

This  large  amount  of  crude  fiber  apparently  interfered  with  the 
digestion  of  not  only  the  olive  pulp  but  also  of  the  alfalfa  hay  which 
was  fed  with  the  pulp,7' 8  the  digestion  coefficients  of  which  had  pre- 
viously been  determined  by  a  trial  with  alfalfa  hay  alone.  In  deter- 
mining the  value  of  dried  olive  pulp  it  was  necessary  to  subtract  from 
the  amount  of  total  feed  digested  the  calculated  amount  of  alfalfa 
digested  allowing  full  value  for  alfalfa  hay.  This  resulted  in  negative 
values  for  crude  protein  and  crude  fiber  in  the  olive  pulp  as  shown  in 
table  10.  If  it  were  practical  to  feed  dried  olive  pulp  alone  and 
hence  determine  its  digestibility  directly  the  calculated  coefficient 
might  have  been  slightly  higher.  However,  when  fed  in  combination 
with  a  roughage,  which  would  be  the  usual  procedure,  the  figures 
given  in  table  11  probably  express  very  nearly  the  true  value  of  this 
material. 

Since  the  olive  pulp  used  in  this  trial  was  found  to  have  a  very 
low  nutritive  value  the  question  arose  as  to  its  value  with  the  pits 
removed.  A  sample  of  pulp  with  the  pits  removed  was  analyzed  and 
found  to  have  the  following  composition:  Dry  matter  95.11  per  cent, 
crude  protein  13.99  per  cent,  nitrogen-free  extract  31.04  per  cent, 
ether  extract  27.39  per  cent,  crude  fiber  19.27  per  cent  and  ash  3.43 
per  cent.9 

This  material  contains  considerably  less  fiber  than  the  original 
pulp  and  it  is  reasonable  to  believe  that  the  digestibility  of  all  the 
nutrients  would  therefore  be  increased.  In  view  of  the  large  amount 
of  highly  ,  digestible  ether  extract  and  the  expected  increase  in 
digestibility  of  the  other  nutrients,  the  pit  free  pulp  should  have 
approximately  double  the  value  of  that  used  in  the  digestion  trial. 


7  Mumford,  H.  W.,  II.  S.  Gridley,  L.  D.  Hall,  and  A.  D.  Emmet.  A  study  of 
the  digestibility  of  rations  for  steers.  Illinois  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  172:246-255. 
1914. 

s  Armsby,  Henry  Prentiss.  The  nutrition  of  farm  animals,  pp.  613-623. 
The  Macmillan  Company,  New  York.     1017. 

9  These  data  were  supplied  by  the  Division  of  Viticulture  and  Fruit  Products 
at  Berkeley. 


10 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


Unless  the  pulp,  free  from  pits,  can  be  produced  commercially  and 
in  sufficiently  large  quantities  to  justify  more  complete  data,  no 
further  work  will  be  conducted.  The  data  from  the  digestion  trial 
with  dried  olive  pulp  fed  in  combination  with  alfalfa  hay  are  given 
in  tables  8,  9  and  10. 

TABLE  8 
Total  Feed  Consumed  and  Feces  Collected 


Sheep  number 

Alfalfa  hay 

Olive  pulp 

Feces 

Grams 

Grams 

Grams 

726 

8775 

4500 

13861 

600 

10050 

5175 

14217 

736 :. 

8775 

4500 

12201 

717 

8775 

4500 

12389 

686 

7800 

3975 

10376 

TABLE  9 

Chemical  Analyses  of  Feces  and  Feeds 


Sheep  number 

Dry 

matter 

Crude 
protein 

Nitrogen-free 
extract 

Ether 
extract 

Crude 
fiber 

Feces: 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

726 

44.86 

4.57 

3.45 

1.59 

22  AS 

600 

48.52 

4.90 

14.80 

1.66 

24.03 

736 

50.61 

5.18 

15.51 

1.66 

24.84 

717 

48.94 

4.96 

15.07 

1.63 

24.18 

686 

51.49 

5.15 

15.67 

1.70 

25.37 

Feeds: 

Alfalfa  hay 

86.84 

15.24 

36.50 

1.64 

24.14 

Dried  olive  pulp 

92.02 

5.91 

31.54 

15.63 

36.45 

TABLE  10 

Coefficients  of  Digestibility  of  Dried  Olive  Pulp  and  Alfalfa  Hay 


Sheep 
number 

Dry 

matter 

Crude 
protein 

Nitrogen-free 
extract 

Ether 
extract 

Crude 
fiber 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

726 

16.219 

-17.042 

19.863 

83.963 

-16.326 

600 

21.253 

-  7.130 

22.094 

86.057 

-  7.774 

736 

17.260 

-16.502 

17.885 

86.501 

-11.130 

717 

19.959 

-  9.916 

19.671 

86.586 

-  8.992 

686 

20.737 

-  5.562 

21.851 

87.002 

-  7.578 

Average 

19.085 

Negative 

20.272 

86.021 

Negative 

Alfalfa  hay 

63.928 

75.909 

77.304 

25.236 

42.977 

BUL.  439]  DIGESTIBILITY    OF    CERTAIN    FRUIT    BY-PRODUCTS 


11 


TABLE  11 

Digestible  Nutrients  Contained  in  Various  Common  Feeds  Compared  with 
Dried  Pineapple  Pulp,  Dried  Lemon  Pulp  and  Dried  Olive  Pulp 


Total  dry 
matter  in 
100  pounds 

Digestible  nutrients  in  100  pounds 

Feeding  stuff 

Crude 
protein 

Carbo- 
hydrates 

Fat 

Total* 

Common  barley  f 

Dried  orange  pulp  J... 

Pounds 

90.7 
87.5 
92.9 
91.8 
83.6 
91.4 
91.6 
92.0 
88.7 

Pounds 

9.0 
6.0 
3.0 
4.6 
0.8 
10.6 
0.7 
0.0 
2.3 

Pounds 

66.8 
70.4 
69.1 
65.2 
59.1 
39.0 
35.1 
6.4 
27.3 

Pounds 

1.6 
0.8 
0.3 
0.8 
0.0 
0.9 
0.5 
13.4 
9.5 

Pounds 

79.4 

78.2 

Dried  lemon  pulp 

72.8 

Dried  beet  pulpj 

Dried  pineapple  pulp 

Alfalfa  hayt,  all  analyses.. 

Wheat  strawf 

Dried  olive  pulp. .  .< 
Raisin  pulpj .y. 

71.6 
59.9 
51.6 
36.9 
36.6 
51.0 

*  Total  includes  fat  times  the  factor  2.25. 
tHenry,   W.   A.,   and  F.   B.   Morrison      Feeds  and  feedings. 
Ed.     The  Henry-Morrison  Company,  Madison,  Wis. 
t  Citation  in  footnote,  page  1. 


Table   III,    App.   Eighteenth 


192J 


